Development Tools开发工具

The modules described in this chapter help you write software. 本章介绍的模块可帮助您编写软件。For example, the pydoc module takes a module and generates documentation based on the module’s contents. 例如，pydoc模块接受一个模块并基于该模块的内容生成文档。The doctest and unittest modules contains frameworks for writing unit tests that automatically exercise code and verify that the expected output is produced. doctest和unittest模块包含用于编写单元测试的框架，单元测试可以自动执行代码并验证是否生成了预期的输出。2to3 can translate Python 2.x source code into valid Python 3.x code.它可以将Python 2x源代码转换为有效的Python 3x代码。

The list of modules described in this chapter is:本章描述的模块列表如下：

• typing — Support for type hints支持类型提示
  • Relevant PEPs相关政治公众人物
  • Type aliases输入别名
  • NewType
  • Callable
  • Generics泛型
  • User-defined generic types用户定义的泛型类型
  • The Any type
  • Nominal vs structural subtyping标称与结构子类型
  • Module contents模块内容
    • Special typing primitives特殊类型基元
      • Special types特殊类型
      • Special forms特殊形式
      • Building generic types构建泛型类型
      • Other special directives其他特别指示
    • Generic concrete collections通用混凝土集合
      • Corresponding to built-in types对应于内置类型
      • Corresponding to types in collections对应于collections中的类型
      • Other concrete types其他混凝土类型
    • Abstract Base Classes抽象基类
      • Corresponding to collections in collections.abc对应于collections.abc中的集合
      • Corresponding to other types in collections.abc与collections.abc中的其他类型相对应
      • Asynchronous programming异步编程
      • Context manager types上下文管理器类型
    • Protocols协议
    • Functions and decorators函数和装饰器
    • Introspection helpers自省助手
    • Constant常数
• pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system文档生成器和在线帮助系统
• Python Development ModePython开发模式
• Effects of the Python Development ModePython开发模式的影响
• ResourceWarning Example
• Bad file descriptor error example错误的文件描述符错误示例
• doctest — Test interactive Python examples测试交互式Python示例
  • Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
  • Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
  • How It Works
    • Which Docstrings Are Examined?检查哪些文档字符串？
    • How are Docstring Examples Recognized?如何识别Docstring示例？
    • What’s the Execution Context?执行上下文是什么？
    • What About Exceptions?例外情况如何？
    • Option Flags
    • Directives
    • Warnings
  • Basic API
  • Unittest API
  • Advanced API
    • DocTest Objects
    • Example Objects
    • DocTestFinder objects
    • DocTestParser objects
    • DocTestRunner objects
    • OutputChecker objects
  • Debugging
  • Soapbox
• unittest — Unit testing framework单元测试框架
  • Basic example基本示例
  • Command-Line Interface命令行接口
    • Command-line options命令行选项
  • Test Discovery测试发现
  • Organizing test code组织测试代码
  • Re-using old test code重新使用旧的测试代码
  • Skipping tests and expected failures跳过测试和预期失败
  • Distinguishing test iterations using subtests使用子测试区分测试迭代
  • Classes and functions
    • Test cases
      • Deprecated aliases
    • Grouping tests
    • Loading and running tests
      • load_tests Protocol
  • Class and Module Fixtures
    • setUpClass and tearDownClass
    • setUpModule and tearDownModule
  • Signal Handling
• unittest.mock — mock object library
  • Quick Guide
  • The Mock Class
    • Calling
    • Deleting Attributes
    • Mock names and the name attribute
    • Attaching Mocks as Attributes
  • The patchers修补者
    • patch
    • patch.object
    • patch.dict
    • patch.multiple
    • patch methods: start and stop补丁方法：启动和停止
    • patch builtins
    • TEST_PREFIX
    • Nesting Patch Decorators嵌套补丁装饰器
    • Where to patch在哪里修补
    • Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects修补描述符和代理对象
  • MagicMock and magic method supportMagicMock和magic方法支持
    • Mocking Magic Methods模仿魔术方法
    • Magic Mock
  • Helpers
    • sentinel
    • DEFAULT
    • call
    • create_autospec
    • ANY
    • FILTER_DIR
    • mock_open
    • Autospeccing
    • Sealing mocks
• unittest.mock — getting started开始
  • Using Mock使用模拟
    • Mock Patching Methods模拟修补方法
    • Mock for Method Calls on an Object模拟对象上的方法调用
    • Mocking Classes模拟类
    • Naming your mocks命名你的模拟
    • Tracking all Calls跟踪所有调用
    • Setting Return Values and Attributes设置返回值和属性
    • Raising exceptions with mocks使用模拟引发异常
    • Side effect functions and iterables副作用函数和可迭代性
    • Mocking asynchronous iterators模拟异步迭代器
    • Mocking asynchronous context manager模拟异步上下文管理器
    • Creating a Mock from an Existing Object从现有对象创建模拟
  • Patch Decorators补丁装饰器
  • Further Examples进一步的例子
    • Mocking chained calls模拟链式调用
    • Partial mocking部分模拟
    • Mocking a Generator Method模拟生成器方法
    • Applying the same patch to every test method将相同的补丁应用于每个测试方法
    • Mocking Unbound Methods模拟未绑定方法
    • Checking multiple calls with mock使用mock检查多个调用
    • Coping with mutable arguments应对多变的争论
    • Nesting Patches嵌套补丁
    • Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock用MagicMock模拟字典
    • Mock subclasses and their attributes模拟子类及其属性
    • Mocking imports with patch.dict用patch.dict模拟导入
    • Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions跟踪调用顺序和更少冗长的调用断言
    • More complex argument matching更复杂的参数匹配
• 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation自动Python 2到3代码翻译
  • Using 2to3
  • Fixers
  • lib2to3 - 2to3’s library2to3的库
• test — Regression tests package for PythonPython回归测试包
  • Writing Unit Tests for the test package为test包编写单元测试
  • Running tests using the command-line interface使用命令行界面运行测试
• test.support — Utilities for the Python test suitePython测试套件的实用程序
• test.support.socket_helper — Utilities for socket tests套接字测试的实用程序
• test.support.script_helper — Utilities for the Python execution testsPython执行测试的实用程序
• test.support.bytecode_helper — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation支持测试正确字节码生成的工具
• test.support.threading_helper — Utilities for threading tests线程测试实用程序
• test.support.os_helper — Utilities for os tests操作系统测试实用程序
• test.support.import_helper — Utilities for import tests导入测试的实用程序
• test.support.warnings_helper — Utilities for warnings tests警告测试实用程序