Check for potential compatibility problems检查潜在的兼容性问题

In broad terms, any device that was designed for Windows 8.1 or later should be compatible with Windows 10, as should any apps or device drivers installed on that device. 广义地说，任何为Windows 8.1或更高版本设计的设备都应该与Windows 10兼容，安装在该设备上的任何应用程序或设备驱动程序也应该兼容。There are, however, exceptions to this rule—some of them minor, others more serious. 但是，这条规则也有例外，有些是次要的，有些是严重的。Your likelihood of encountering compatibility issues goes up when upgrading a PC running Windows 7.升级运行Windows 7的电脑时，遇到兼容性问题的可能性会增加。

The Windows 10 Setup program includes a compatibility checker that alerts you to any potential compatibility issues before performing the actual installation. Windows 10安装程序包含一个兼容性检查器，在执行实际安装之前，它会警告您任何潜在的兼容性问题。We describe its workings in “Upgrading from an earlier Windows version,” later in this chapter.我们将在本章后面的“从早期Windows版本升级”中描述它的工作原理。

Before you run Setup, though, especially on an older device, it’s worth taking inventory of your critical apps and devices and checking with the developer or manufacturer to confirm that those products are supported under Windows 10. 不过，在运行安装程序之前，尤其是在较旧的设备上，最好清点一下关键的应用程序和设备，并与开发人员或制造商联系，确认这些产品在Windows 10下是否受支持。Pay special attention to any app or device originally designed and developed before the release of Windows 7 in 2009. 请特别注意在2009年Windows 7发布之前最初设计和开发的任何应用程序或设备。We also recommend checking for BIOS or firmware updates that might be available, especially for PCs that were originally designed before the initial release of Windows 10 in 2015. 我们还建议检查是否有可用的BIOS或固件更新，尤其是那些在2015年Windows 10首次发布之前设计的pc。These updates are often helpful in heading off installation issues before they arise.这些更新通常有助于在安装问题出现之前阻止它们。

Back up your data and settings备份数据和设置

Having an up-to-date backup of important files is, of course, good advice for any time. 当然，对重要文件进行最新备份对任何时候都是一个很好的建议。But it’s especially important when you’re upgrading an operating system.但在升级操作系统时，这一点尤为重要。

The simplest way to back up files is to sync them to the cloud. 备份文件的最简单方法是将它们同步到云端。OneDrive sync capabilities are built in to Windows 10 and Windows 8.1; a sync utility for Windows 7 is available for download from https://onedrive.com/download. OneDrive同步功能内置于Windows 10和Windows 8.1中；Windows 7的同步实用程序可从https://onedrive.com/download下载。Move or copy your files into the OneDrive folder and wait for them to be fully synchronized before proceeding.将文件移动或复制到OneDrive文件夹中，等待它们完全同步后再继续。

With large file collections or slow internet connections—or if you just prefer not putting your files in cloud storage—a sufficiently large USB flash drive or an external hard drive makes a perfectly good target for a local backup. 对于大文件收集或缓慢的互联网连接，或者如果你只是不想把你的文件放在云存储，一个足够大的USB闪存驱动器或一个外部硬盘驱动器是一个非常好的目标本地备份。If you’re upgrading from Windows 7, you can use its built-in backup program; individual files and folders from those backups can be restored in Windows 10 by using the helpfully labeled Backup And Restore (Windows 7) option in Control Panel. 如果您是从Windows 7升级，则可以使用其内置的备份程序；通过使用“控制面板”中有帮助标记的“备份和还原”（Windows 7）选项，可以在Windows 10中还原这些备份中的各个文件和文件夹。(For a complete look at your options, see Chapter 15, “Troubleshooting, backup, and recovery.”)（有关选项的完整信息，请参阅第15章 “故障排除、备份和恢复”。）

If you’re upgrading from Windows 8.1 and you signed in with a Microsoft account, your personalized settings are already being synced to OneDrive. 如果您正在从Windows 8.1升级，并且使用Microsoft帐户登录，则您的个性化设置已同步到OneDrive。From Windows 7, there’s no easy way to back up those settings. 在Windows 7中，没有简单的方法来备份这些设置。Although you can find third-party utilities that promise to accomplish this task, it’s probably faster (and less risky) to re-create that handful of settings than it is to mess with transfer utilities. 尽管您可以找到第三方实用程序来完成此任务，但是重新创建这些设置可能比处理传输实用程序更快（风险更小）。A far more important task is to ensure that you have product keys or other license details for any third-party software that might require reinstallation.一项更重要的任务是确保您拥有可能需要重新安装的任何第三方软件的产品密钥或其他许可证详细信息。

Download or create installation media下载或创建安装介质

For every Windows 10 installation scenario that we cover in the next section, you need access to installation media. 对于我们在下一节介绍的每个Windows 10安装方案，您都需要访问安装介质。To do a clean install on modern hardware, the most common choice is a bootable USB flash drive; on older hardware, a bootable DVD might be required. 要在现代硬件上进行干净的安装，最常见的选择是一个可引导的USB闪存驱动器；在旧的硬件上，可能需要一个可引导的DVD。For upgrades and reinstallations, you can use the same type of physical media or download an ISO file, which you can then mount directly or use to create your own installation media.对于升级和重新安装，您可以使用相同类型的物理介质或下载ISO文件，然后可以直接装载该文件或使用该文件创建自己的安装介质。

You can still buy a physical copy of Windows 10 in a package that includes installation files on a bootable USB flash drive or a DVD. 你仍然可以在一个包含安装文件的软件包中购买Windows 10的物理拷贝。Be aware, however, that the version on that physical device is likely to be out of date on the day you cut through the shrink wrap. 但是，请注意，在您切断收缩包装的当天，该物理设备上的版本可能已经过时。After you finish your installation, you will almost certainly have to download a large feature update immediately.完成安装后，几乎肯定必须立即下载一个大型功能更新。

If you have access to an internet-connected PC running any supported version of Windows, we recommend using Microsoft’s Media Creation Tool, which downloads the most recent installation files and then allows you to create a bootable USB flash drive or save the download file in ISO format.如果您可以访问运行任何受支持的Windows版本的internet连接PC，我们建议您使用Microsoft的媒体创建工具，该工具可以下载最新的安装文件，然后允许您创建可引导的USB闪存驱动器或将下载文件保存为ISO格式。

If the PC you want to upgrade is already running a supported version of Windows, your best starting point is the Download Windows 10 page (https://aka.ms/downloadwindows10), which supports a variety of installation scenarios and offers options dynamically, based on the version of Windows you’re already running. 如果你想升级的电脑已经在运行一个支持的Windows版本，你最好从下载Windows 10的页面开始（https://aka.ms/downloadwindows10），它支持多种安装方案，并根据您正在运行的Windows版本动态提供选项。When you visit this page using a PC that’s already running Windows 10, for example, you’ll see an offer to run an Update Assistant; this simple tool downloads and installs the most recent feature update (if you don’t already have it), so you don’t have to wait for it to arrive via Windows Update.例如，当您使用已经运行Windows 10的PC访问此页面时，您将看到一个运行更新助手的提议；这个简单的工具下载并安装最新的功能更新（如果您还没有），因此您不必等待它通过Windows Update到达。

The real star of the Download Windows 10 page, however, is the Media Creation Tool, which is a bootstrap version of the Windows 10 Setup program. 然而，下载Windows 10页面的真正亮点是媒体创建工具，它是Windows 10安装程序的引导版本。It’s a small file (less than 20 MB in size) that takes only seconds to download. 它是一个小文件（小于20MB），下载只需几秒钟。(Recent versions of the tool incorporate the Windows version number into the executable filename—MediaCreationTool2004.exe, for example.) （例如，该工具的最新版本将Windows版本号合并到可执行文件名MediaCreationTool2004.exe中。）After running the tool and accepting a license agreement, you should see a screen that offers the option to upgrade the current PC or create installation media for another PC. 运行该工具并接受许可协议后，您应该会看到一个屏幕，其中提供了升级当前PC或为另一台PC创建安装介质的选项。Select that second option to reach the step shown in Figure 2-1.选择第二个选项进入图2-1所示的步骤。

By default, the choices for Language, Edition, and Architecture match the current configuration. 默认情况下，语言、版本和体系结构选项与当前配置匹配。If you want to change any of those choices, do so before you click Next.如果要更改这些选项中的任何一个，请在单击“下一步”之前进行更改。

Choosing the correct installer involves finding the specific combination of three factors that match your needs:选择正确的安装程序需要找到符合您需求的三个因素的具体组合：

• Language语言 Windows 10 is available in a large number of languages—more than 100—covering nearly 200 countries and regions. Windows 10有100多种语言，覆盖近200个国家和地区。Choose the base language that’s appropriate for your installation. 选择适合您的安装的基本语言。You can add language interface packs to translate text that’s displayed in commonly used wizards, dialog boxes, menus, and other items in the user interface; however, you can’t change the parent language except by reinstalling Windows using an edition built for that language.您可以添加语言界面包来翻译在用户界面中常用的向导、对话框、菜单和其他项目中显示的文本；但是，除非使用为该语言构建的版本重新安装Windows，否则无法更改父语言。

• Edition版本 In early releases of the Media Creation Tool, this field gave you the option to download either Windows 10 Home or Windows 10 Pro. 在媒体创建工具的早期版本中，此字段提供了下载Windows 10Home或Windows 10Pro的选项。As of late 2017, only one choice is available in the United States; the download consists of a combined installer that can be used to install any retail edition. 截至2017年底，在美国只有一种选择；下载包括一个组合安装程序，可用于安装任何零售版。Large organizations with volume license contracts can install Windows 10 Enterprise or Education on a system that already has a license to run an edition of Windows that qualifies for the upgrade. 拥有批量许可证合同的大型组织可以在已经拥有运行符合升级条件的Windows版本的许可证的系统上安装Windows 10 企业版或教育版。We describe the differences between the editions in Appendix A, “Windows 10 editions and licensing options.”我们在附录A“Windows 10版本和许可选项”中描述了版本之间的差异

• Architecture架构 Windows 10 is available in 32-bit and 64-bit distributions. Windows 10有32位和64位发行版。Choosing Both from this drop-down list causes the Media Creation Tool to download a larger ISO file capable of installing either architecture. 从这个下拉列表中选择两者会导致媒体创建工具下载一个更大的ISO文件，该文件可以安装任何一种体系结构。Most modern CPUs support either version, and your preference should be for the 64-bit version. 大多数现代CPU都支持这两种版本，您应该首选64位版本。In general, 32-bit versions of Windows are appropriate for systems with 2 GB (or less) of RAM, with no option to add memory. 一般来说，32位版本的Windows适用于内存为2GB（或更少）的系统，没有添加内存的选项。Choose a 64-bit version if your system includes 4 GB or more of memory or if you rely on one or more programs that are available only in 64-bit editions. 如果您的系统包含4 GB或更多内存，或者您依赖一个或多个仅在64位版本中可用的程序，请选择64位版本。(All your 32-bit programs, including new and old versions of Microsoft Office, will work fine on a 64-bit installation of Windows, so you needn’t have any fears in that regard.)（您的所有32位程序，包括Microsoft Office的新版本和旧版本，在64位Windows安装上都可以正常工作，因此您不必担心这一点。）

• Note that the installation files you download are independent of your Windows license. 请注意，您下载的安装文件独立于您的Windows许可证。For more details about the intricacies of Windows licensing, see “Activating Windows,” later in this chapter.有关Windows许可的复杂性的更多详细信息，请参阅本章后面的“激活Windows”。

If you’re creating installation media on a USB flash drive, the Media Creation Tool takes care of properly formatting the flash drive, making it bootable, and downloading and copying all the necessary files to it. 如果要在USB闪存驱动器上创建安装介质，介质创建工具将负责正确格式化闪存驱动器，使其可引导，并下载所有必要的文件并将其复制到其中。But under some circumstances the Media Creation Tool falls short. 但在某些情况下，媒体创作工具还不够。For example, if your internet connection is slow or has a data cap, you might prefer to avoid the lengthy download. 例如，如果您的internet连接速度慢或有数据上限，您可能更希望避免冗长的下载。And, crucially, the Media Creation Tool is limited to the latest Windows 10 version. 而且，至关重要的是，媒体创建工具仅限于最新的Windows 10版本。If you’re trying to install the previous version, perhaps because the current one has compatibility issues with your hardware, you’ll need to find another way.如果您试图安装以前的版本，可能是因为当前版本与您的硬件存在兼容性问题，那么您需要找到另一种方法。

For those situations, an ISO file that contains all the installation files comes in handy. 对于这些情况，包含所有安装文件的ISO文件非常方便。With an ISO file and a PC running Windows 10, you can create your own installation media with ease.使用ISO文件和运行Windows 10的PC，您可以轻松创建自己的安装介质。

You can’t simply copy installation files to a USB flash drive and use it to perform a clean install. 您不能简单地将安装文件复制到USB闪存驱动器并使用它执行干净的安装。First, you have to make the disk bootable. When creating a bootable drive, you need to consider two factors:首先，必须使磁盘可引导。创建可引导驱动器时，需要考虑两个因素：

• Partitioning scheme: MBR or GPT?分区方案：MBR还是GPT？ You can use a flash drive formatted using either scheme with a Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) system; older BIOS-based systems are typically able to recognize only MBR partitions. 您可以使用一个闪存驱动器格式化使用统一可扩展固件接口（UEFI）系统的任何一个方案；旧的基于BIOS的系统通常只能识别MBR分区。(For an explanation of the difference and a discussion of the new MBR2GPT tool, see “Managing hard disks and other storage devices,” in Chapter 14, “Hardware and devices.”)（有关区别的解释和新MBR2GPT工具的讨论，请参阅第14章“硬件和设备”中的“管理硬盘和其他存储设备”。）

• Disk format: NTFS or FAT32?磁盘格式：NTFS还是FAT32？ If you plan to install Windows on a modern UEFI-based system (such as the Microsoft Surface Pro and Surface Book families), the boot files must reside on a FAT32 partition on the flash drive. 如果计划在基于UEFI的现代系统（如Microsoft Surface Pro和Surface Book系列）上安装Windows，则引导文件必须位于闪存驱动器上的FAT32分区上。If the drive is formatted using another file system, the PC will not recognize the device as bootable.如果驱动器是用另一个文件系统格式化的，电脑将无法识别该设备是可引导的。

One of the simplest ways to create a bootable install drive is to use the built-in Recovery Media Creator tool, RecoveryDrive.exe. 创建可引导安装驱动器的最简单方法之一是使用内置的“创建恢复驱动器”工具，RecoveryDrive.exe。Just as in previous Windows versions, this tool can be used to create a bootable drive that includes the recovery partition provided by the OEM. 与以前的Windows版本一样，此工具可用于创建包含OEM提供的恢复分区的可引导驱动器。If you perform a clean install or remove that recovery partition to reclaim disk space, the recovery drive can be used only for simple repair operations.如果执行干净的安装或删除恢复分区以回收磁盘空间，则恢复驱动器只能用于简单的修复操作。

To run the Recovery Media Creator tool, type RecoveryDrive in the search box and then choose the Recovery Drive app from the search results. 要运行“创建恢复驱动器”工具，请在搜索框中键入RecoveryDrive，然后从搜索结果中选择“恢复驱动器”应用程序。(Or, if you prefer, search for the Create A Recovery Drive option in Control Panel or Settings.) （或者，如果愿意，在“控制面板”或“设置”中搜索“创建复原驱动器”选项。）Figure 2-2 shows this tool in operation.图2-2显示了该工具的运行情况。

If you used the Media Creation Tool to download an ISO file containing the Windows installation files, you can burn its contents to a DVD (assuming that you have a DVD burner handy and the target system on which you plan to install Windows has an optical drive from which it can start). 如果使用媒体创建工具下载包含Windows安装文件的ISO文件，则可以将其内容刻录到DVD（假设您手头有DVD刻录机，并且计划安装Windows的目标系统有一个光盘驱动器，可以从中启动）。Or, if you have access to a system running Windows 10, you can make your own bootable media, following these steps:或者，如果您有权访问运行Windows 10的系统，您可以按照以下步骤制作自己的可引导媒体：

1. Create a blank recovery drive using the steps we described earlier, skipping the option to copy system files to the drive.使用前面描述的步骤创建一个空白恢复驱动器，跳过将系统文件复制到驱动器的选项。

2. Double-click the ISO file to mount it as a virtual DVD.双击ISO文件以将其装载为虚拟DVD。

3. Use File Explorer to drag all files and folders from the virtual DVD to the USB recovery drive.使用文件资源管理器将所有文件和文件夹从虚拟DVD拖动到USB恢复驱动器。

   Note

   Although it’s not necessary for most purposes involving Windows 10, some people and organizations want maximum flexibility in creating installable media. 尽管对于涉及Windows 10的大多数用途来说，这并不是必需的，但有些人和组织希望在创建可安装媒体时具有最大的灵活性。If that description fits you, we recommend the free, open source utility Rufus; you'll find the latest version at https://rufus.ie/. 如果这个描述适合您，我们推荐免费的开源工具Rufus；您可以在https://rufus.ie/找到最新版本。It allows precise control over partitioning, formatting, and copying installation files to a USB flash drive. 它允许对分区、格式化和将安装文件复制到USB闪存驱动器进行精确控制。If you encounter difficulties using the built-in Windows tools, we strongly recommend this alternative.如果您在使用内置Windows工具时遇到困难，我们强烈建议您使用此替代方法。

Choose your installation method选择安装方法

You have two choices when running Windows Setup: in-place upgrades and custom installations.运行Windows安装程序时有两种选择：就地升级和自定义安装。

Microsoft strongly encourages in-place upgrades for anyone moving to Windows 10 on a PC currently running Windows 7 (with Service Pack 1) or Windows 8.1. Microsoft强烈鼓励任何人在当前运行Windows 7（带Service Pack 1）或Windows 8.1的PC上升级到Windows 10。You can also use this technique to update an older Windows 10 version to a more recent version instead of waiting for a feature update to be installed automatically or to repair an ailing installation by “upgrading” to the currently installed version. 您还可以使用此技术将旧的Windows 10版本更新到更新的版本，而不是等待功能更新自动安装，或者通过“升级”到当前安装的版本来修复出现问题的安装。To perform an in-place upgrade, start the Windows 10 Setup program from within the current Windows installation.要执行就地升级，请从当前Windows安装中启动Windows 10安装程序。

The default option for an in-place upgrade offers to keep all your data files, installed programs, and settings, at the risk of creating some compatibility issues. 就地升级的默认选项提供了保留所有数据文件、已安装程序和设置的功能，以避免产生某些兼容性问题。But you also have the option to start from scratch, with or without your personal data files; if you choose the latter option, you need to reinstall desktop programs and re-create or sync settings from another system.但是你也可以选择从头开始，不管有没有你的个人数据文件；如果你选择后一个选项，你需要重新安装桌面程序，并从另一个系统重新创建或同步设置。

You must boot from the Windows 10 media and choose a custom installation (sometimes referred to as a clean install) if either of the following conditions is true:如果满足以下任一条件，则必须从Windows 10介质启动并选择自定义安装（有时称为干净安装）：

• You need to adjust the layout of the system disk.您需要调整系统磁盘的布局。 The Windows 10 installer includes disk-management tools you can use to create, delete, format, and extend (but not shrink) partitions on hard disks installed in your computer. Windows 10安装程序包括磁盘管理工具，您可以使用这些工具在计算机中安装的硬盘上创建、删除、格式化和扩展（但不是缩小）分区。Knowing how these tools work can save you a significant amount of time when setting up Windows.了解这些工具的工作原理可以在设置窗口时节省大量时间。

• You want to install Windows 10 alongside another operating system.您希望将Windows 10与其他操作系统一起安装。 If you want to set up a multi-boot system, you need to understand how different startup files work so that you can manage your startup options effectively. 如果你想建立一个多启动系统，你需要了解不同的启动文件是如何工作的，这样你才能有效地管理你的启动选项。We discuss this option in “Configuring a multi-boot system,” later in this chapter.我们将在本章后面的“配置多引导系统”中讨论此选项。

If the system on which you plan to install Windows 10 is already running a Windows version that supports upgrades (Windows 7, Windows 8.1, or Windows 10), you can start the Setup program from within Windows.如果计划安装Windows 10的系统已运行支持升级的Windows版本（Windows 7、Windows 8.1或Windows 10），则可以从Windows中启动安装程序。

When running Setup from within Windows, you can upgrade from Windows 7 or Windows 8.1 to Windows 10. 在Windows中运行安装程序时，可以从Windows 7或Windows 8.1升级到Windows 10。You can also use the in-place upgrade technique to move from an older version of Windows 10 to a newer one—from version 1903 to version 20H2, for example. 例如，您还可以使用就地升级技术从旧版本的Windows 10移动到新版本的Windows 1903到20H2。As we noted earlier, installation files you download using the Media Creation Tool include all retail editions of Windows—Home, Pro, and a few obscure editions most people can safely ignore. 如前所述，使用媒体创建工具下载的安装文件包括WindowsHome、Pro的所有零售版，以及一些大多数人可以放心忽略的晦涩版本。In these scenarios, Setup automatically chooses the Windows 10 version that corresponds to the currently installed Windows version. 在这些情况下，安装程序会自动选择与当前安装的Windows版本相对应的Windows 10版本。Table 2-1 shows how these upgrade paths work when upgrading an older Windows version.表2-1显示了升级旧版本Windows时这些升级路径的工作方式。

In early versions of the Media Creation Tool, you had the option to choose a specific Windows 10 edition for download. 在媒体创建工具的早期版本中，您可以选择下载特定的Windows 10版本。That led to some scenarios that involved an unsupported upgrade path, without the option to transfer programs and settings. 这导致一些场景涉及不受支持的升级路径，没有传输程序和设置的选项。If you want to upgrade to a higher Windows edition, your best bet is to perform a supported upgrade first (Windows 8.1 to Windows 10 Home, for example) and then, after Windows 10 is running smoothly, follow the steps we describe later in this chapter to convert the installation to a different edition.如果要升级到更高版本的Windows，最好先执行受支持的升级（例如，从Windows 8.1升级到Windows 10 Home），然后在Windows 10平稳运行后，按照本章后面介绍的步骤将安装转换为其他版本。

Double-clicking Setup from within Windows does not offer the option to perform a custom install. 在Windows中双击安装程序不提供执行自定义安装的选项。However, performing an upgrade and choosing Nothing from the list of what you want to keep has essentially the same effect as performing a clean install. 但是，执行升级并从要保留的内容列表中不选择任何内容，其效果基本上与执行干净的安装相同。After Windows 10 is installed, the Reset This PC option offers an alternative way to accomplish the same task of reinstalling Windows when something isn’t working properly.安装Windows 10后，重置此PC选项提供了另一种方法，可以在某些操作不正常时完成重新安装Windows的相同任务。

Note that the installation media must match the architecture of the installed Windows version. 请注意，安装介质必须与安装的Windows版本的体系结构匹配。You cannot run the 64-bit Setup program to perform an in-place upgrade of a PC running a 32-bit version of Windows, or vice versa. 不能运行64位安装程序对运行32位版本Windows的PC执行就地升级，反之亦然。In addition, you cannot make changes to the layout of a disk when running Setup from within Windows; you must use existing partitions, and Setup will not recognize or use unallocated space on an available hard drive.此外，在Windows中运行安装程序时，不能更改磁盘布局；必须使用现有分区，安装程序将无法识别或使用可用硬盘上未分配的空间。

If you boot from the Windows 10 installation media, you can delete existing partitions, create new partitions from free space, extend an existing disk partition to unallocated space, or designate a block of unallocated space as the location where you want to install Windows. 如果从Windows 10安装介质启动，则可以删除现有分区、从可用空间创建新分区、将现有磁盘分区扩展到未分配空间或指定一块未分配空间作为要安装Windows的位置。(We describe these actions later in this chapter.) （我们将在本章后面介绍这些操作。）After booting from the Windows installation media, you cannot upgrade an existing Windows installation. 从Windows安装媒体启动后，无法升级现有的Windows安装。Your only option is a custom installation.您唯一的选择是自定义安装。

Using either option, you can install Windows 10 on the same volume as an existing Windows version. 使用任一选项，您都可以在与现有Windows版本相同的卷上安装Windows 10。(You’ll find step-by-step instructions in “Performing a clean install” later in this chapter.)（您将在本章后面的“执行干净安装”中找到逐步说明。）

With that background, we’re ready to explain the best ways to perform a Windows 10 upgrade or a clean install. 在这样的背景下，我们准备好解释执行Windows 10升级或干净安装的最佳方法。We start by breaking down the Windows Installer program.我们首先分解Windows安装程序。

Upgrading from an earlier Windows version从早期Windows版本升级

A streamlined wizard walks you briskly through a Windows 10 upgrade. 一个流线型的向导会带你快速完成Windows 10升级。The process is significantly faster than in earlier versions of Windows, especially on systems with a large number of files. 这一过程比早期版本的Windows要快得多，尤其是在有大量文件的系统上。No major upgrade is ever risk free, of course, but the Windows 10 installer is designed to be robust enough to roll back gracefully in the case of a failure.当然，没有什么重大的升级是没有风险的，但是Windows 10安装程序的设计足够健壮，可以在出现故障时优雅地回滚。

In Windows 10, you can begin the upgrade process by running the Media Creation Tool and selecting the first option, Upgrade This PC Now. 在Windows 10中，您可以通过运行媒体创建工具并选择第一个选项“立即升级此电脑”来开始升级过程。That option downloads the full installation file and then runs the Windows Setup program immediately, downloading additional installation files on the fly. 该选项下载完整的安装文件，然后立即运行Windows安装程序，动态下载其他安装文件。As an alternative, you can use bootable installation media or an ISO file mounted as a virtual drive.作为替代方法，您可以使用可引导安装介质或作为虚拟驱动器装载的ISO文件。

When you kick off a Windows 10 upgrade, Setup performs a series of tasks. 启动Windows 10升级时，安装程序将执行一系列任务。First, it runs a compatibility check, which determines whether your PC, peripheral devices, and installed Windows apps will work with Windows 10. 首先，它运行一个兼容性检查，该检查确定您的PC、外围设备和已安装的Windows应用程序是否与Windows 10兼容。(See “Checking compatibility” later in this section for details about warnings that might appear.)（有关可能出现的警告的详细信息，请参阅本节后面的“检查兼容性”。）

Inside OUT

Upgrade directly from an ISO file直接从ISO文件升级

The ISO disc image format was originally devised to make it possible to share DVDs as files, without having to put shiny discs in the mail and wait a few days or weeks. ISO光盘图像格式最初的设计目的是使dvd作为文件共享成为可能，而不必把闪亮的光盘放在邮件中等待几天或几周。Over time, they’ve evolved into a virtual alternative that doesn’t require discs at all. 随着时间的推移，他们已经演变成一个虚拟的替代品，根本不需要光盘。Both Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 support the capability to mount ISO files directly in File Explorer. Windows 8.1和Windows 10都支持直接在文件资源管理器中装载ISO文件的功能。Double-click the ISO file to mount it with its own drive letter, after which you can access files directly or copy those files to a fixed or removable drive for later use. 双击ISO文件，将其装入自己的驱动器号，然后可以直接访问文件或将这些文件复制到固定或可移动驱动器以供以后使用。(For Windows 7, you need a third-party utility program to mount an ISO file. （对于Windows 7，您需要第三方实用程序来装载ISO文件。We recommend the open source WinCDEmu utility, available at http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/.)我们推荐使用开源WinCDEmu实用程序，网址为http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/。)

Obviously, this option won’t work for a clean install on a freshly formatted drive, but it’s ideal for upgrades and feature updates. 显然，这个选项不适用于在新格式化的驱动器上进行干净的安装，但是它非常适合升级和功能更新。When you double-click a saved ISO file in Windows 10’s File Explorer, its contents appear as a virtual CD/DVD drive in the Devices And Drives area of File Explorer, as in Figure 2-3.在Windows 10的文件资源管理器中双击保存的ISO文件时，其内容在文件资源管理器的“设备和驱动器”区域中显示为虚拟CD/DVD驱动器，如图2-3所示。

Double-click to open the mounted disk, and then double-click Setup to kick off an upgrade. When you no longer need the virtual drive, right-click its File Explorer icon and click Eject.双击以打开已装入的磁盘，然后双击设置以启动升级。当您不再需要虚拟驱动器时，右键单击其文件资源管理器图标，然后单击弹出。

When you start an online upgrade from within Windows 8.1, the upgrade keeps all your data files and migrates settings, Windows apps, and desktop programs. 从Windows 8.1开始联机升级时，升级会保留所有数据文件，并迁移设置、Windows应用程序和桌面程序。Upgrades from Windows 7 preserve data files and desktop programs but do not migrate personalized settings such as your desktop background.从Windows 7升级会保留数据文件和桌面程序，但不会迁移个性化设置（如桌面背景）。

If you have Windows 10 installation media, you can also start the upgrade process from within Windows. Open the DVD or USB flash drive in File Explorer and double-click Setup. 如果您有Windows 10安装介质，也可以从Windows中启动升级过程。在文件资源管理器中打开DVD或USB闪存驱动器，然后双击“设置”。The resulting wizard walks you through several steps that aren’t part of the streamlined online upgrade. 生成的向导将引导您完成流线型在线升级中不包含的几个步骤。The most important of these is the option to transfer files, apps, and settings, a topic we cover shortly.其中最重要的是传输文件、应用程序和设置的选项，我们将简要介绍这一主题。

Transferring files, apps, and settings传输文件、应用和设置

When you choose the Upgrade Now option from the Download Windows 10 page on a volume that is already running a previous version of Windows, the upgrade process preserves all your files and apps. 当您在已运行早期版本Windows的卷上从下载Windows 10页面选择立即升级选项时，升级过程将保留您的所有文件和应用程序。To choose an alternative option, you must run Setup from installation media or a mounted ISO file. 要选择其他选项，必须从安装介质或已装入的ISO文件运行安装程序。Figure 2-4 shows the additional options available if you click Choose What To Keep.图2-4显示了单击“选择要保留的内容”时可用的其他选项。

Here’s what happens with each option:以下是每个选项的情况：

• Keep Personal Files And Apps保留个人文件和应用程序 All Windows desktop programs and user accounts are migrated. 将迁移所有Windows桌面程序和用户帐户。After the upgrade is complete, you need to sign in with your Microsoft account to install apps from the Windows Store and sync saved settings. 升级完成后，您需要使用Microsoft帐户登录才能从Windows应用商店安装应用程序并同步保存的设置。When upgrading from Windows 8.1, this option includes the capability to preserve settings.从Windows 8.1升级时，此选项包括保留设置的功能。

  Note注意

  This option is unavailable if you’re installing a Windows edition that is not a supported upgrade path from the current edition.如果安装的Windows版本不是当前版本支持的升级路径，则此选项不可用。

• Keep Personal Files Only仅保留个人文件 This option is the equivalent of a repair installation. 此选项相当于修复安装。Each user’s personal files are available in a new user profile that otherwise contains only default apps and settings.每个用户的个人文件在新的用户配置文件中可用，否则只包含默认应用程序和设置。

• Nothing无 Choose this option if you want to perform a clean install, with your existing installation moved to Windows.old. 如果要在现有安装移动到Windows.old的情况下执行干净安装，请选择此选项。Note that the descriptive text, “Everything will be deleted,” is misleading. 请注意，描述性文本“所有内容都将被删除”具有误导性。Your personal files, as well as those belonging to other user accounts in the current installation, are not deleted. 您的个人文件以及当前安装中属于其他用户帐户的文件不会被删除。Instead, they are moved to the Windows.old folder, where you can recover them by using File Explorer.相反，他们被转移到Windows.old文件文件夹，您可以在其中使用文件资源管理器恢复它们。

After the initial prep work, Setup restarts in offline mode, displaying a progress screen that is simpler than the one from the initial release of Windows 10.初始准备工作完成后，安装程序将以脱机模式重新启动，并显示一个比初始版本的Windows 10更简单的进度屏幕。

In this mode, you can’t interact with the PC at all. 在这种模式下，你根本无法与电脑互动。Your PC is effectively offline as the following actions occur.发生以下操作时，您的电脑实际上处于脱机状态。

Windows Setup first moves the following folders from the existing Windows installation on the root of the system drive into Windows.old:Windows安装程序首先将下列文件夹从系统驱动器根目录上的现有Windows安装移到Windows.old文件:

• Windows

• Program Files

• Program Files (x86)

• Users

• ProgramData

During this offline phase, Setup extracts registry values and program data from the freshly created Windows.old folder, based on the type of upgrade, and then prepares to add this data to the corresponding locations in the new Windows 10 installation. 在此脱机阶段，安装程序从新创建的数据库中提取注册表值和程序数据Windows.old文件文件夹，然后准备将此数据添加到新的Windows 10安装中的相应位置。Third-party hardware drivers are also copied from the old driver store in preparation for the new installation.第三方硬件驱动程序也从旧的驱动程序商店复制，为新的安装做准备。

Next, Setup lays down a new set of system folders for Windows 10 using the folder structure and files from the compressed Windows image. 接下来，安装程序使用文件夹结构和压缩的Windows映像中的文件为Windows 10设置一组新的系统文件夹。After that task is complete, Setup moves program files, registry values, and other settings it gathered earlier.该任务完成后，安装程序将移动程序文件、注册表值和它先前收集的其他设置。

Moving folders minimizes the number of file operations that are required, making upgrade times consistent even when individual user accounts contain large numbers of files. 移动文件夹可以最大限度地减少所需的文件操作数量，即使单个用户帐户包含大量文件，也可以使升级时间保持一致。(By contrast, the Windows 7 Setup program moved files individually, which led to some painfully long upgrades.)（相比之下，Windows 7安装程序单独移动文件，这导致了一些痛苦的长时间升级。）

To further speed things up, Windows 10 Setup uses hard link operations to move files and folders from the transport location to the new Windows 10 hierarchy. 为了进一步加快速度，Windows 10安装程序使用硬链接操作将文件和文件夹从传输位置移动到新的Windows 10层次结构。Not having to physically move the file improves performance and allows for easy rollback if something goes wrong during the upgrade.不必实际移动文件可以提高性能，并允许在升级过程中出错时轻松回滚。

Setup moves folders associated with individual user accounts as part of a default in-place upgrade. 作为默认就地升级的一部分，安装程序将移动与单个用户帐户关联的文件夹。The entire folder is placed within the fresh Windows 10 installation unchanged; every file in the folder and all its subfolders is preserved. 整个文件夹都放在新安装的Windows 10中，保持不变；文件夹中的每个文件及其所有子文件夹都将保留。(Note that organizations using corporate deployment tools can override some of this behavior, excluding some files or subfolders and merging the contents of default folders with the contents of existing folders from the source operating system.)（请注意，使用公司部署工具的组织可以覆盖某些行为，排除某些文件或子文件夹，并将默认文件夹的内容与源操作系统中现有文件夹的内容合并。）

This activity is accompanied by several restarts and can take more than an hour, depending on your hardware, although an upgrade on modern hardware typically goes much faster. 这项活动伴随着几次重新启动，可能需要一个多小时，具体取决于您的硬件，尽管在现代硬件上进行升级通常要快得多。At the conclusion of this process, you’re confronted with a sign-in screen. 在此过程结束时，您将面临一个登录屏幕。That’s followed by a single screen that allows you to choose privacy settings for your device.接下来是一个屏幕，允许您为设备选择隐私设置。

If you’re upgrading from Windows 7 or from a Windows 8.1 PC that was configured to use a local user account, you need to sign in using the credentials for that account. 如果要从Windows 7或配置为使用本地用户帐户的Windows 8.1 PC升级，则需要使用该帐户的凭据登录。After that, you’ll have the option to link your account to a Microsoft account or to continue using a local account.之后，您可以选择将您的帐户链接到Microsoft帐户或继续使用本地帐户。

By signing in with a Microsoft account, you can continue setting up Windows 10 by using your synced settings. 通过使用Microsoft帐户登录，您可以使用同步设置继续设置Windows 10。The most current version of each preinstalled app is downloaded from the Store before you sign in.在您登录之前，将从应用商店下载每个预安装应用的最新版本。

• For more information about your options when setting up a user account, see Chapter 11, “Managing user accounts, passwords, and credentials.”有关设置用户帐户时选项的更多信息，请参阅第11章“管理用户帐户、密码和凭据”

Performing a clean install执行干净的安装

Among some PC traditionalists, it’s a badge of honor to wipe a newly purchased PC clean and then set up Windows from scratch. 在一些PC传统主义者中，把新买的PC擦干净，然后从头开始安装Windows是一种荣誉。Even if you’re not so fastidious, a clean install is sometimes unavoidable; it’s the only option for PCs you build yourself and for virtual machines, and it’s sometimes the fastest way to get back up and running after a disk failure.即使你不那么挑剔，干净的安装有时也是不可避免的；它是你自己构建的PC和虚拟机的唯一选择，有时也是磁盘故障后恢复并运行的最快方法。

The time-tested road to a clean install involves starting up from a bootable USB flash drive containing the Windows 10 installation files and removing all traces of the currently installed Windows version before proceeding to run Setup.经过时间考验的干净安装之路包括从包含Windows 10安装文件的可引导USB闪存驱动器启动，并在继续运行安装程序之前删除当前安装的Windows版本的所有痕迹。

This is still a perfectly valid installation method, one we’ll describe in more detail shortly. 这仍然是一种非常有效的安装方法，我们稍后将详细介绍。But it’s no longer the only option, nor is it always the best. 但这不再是唯一的选择，也不总是最好的。For a system that’s already running any modern version of Windows, you’ll find it much easier to start Setup from within Windows, choose an upgrade install, and choose the option to keep Nothing. 对于已经运行任何现代版本Windows的系统，您会发现从Windows中启动安装程序、选择升级安装并选择“不保留任何内容”选项要容易得多。After you use Disk Cleanup Manager or the tools in Settings > System > Storage to remove the old Windows installation, the result is functionally identical to an old-fashioned clean install.使用“磁盘清理管理器”或“设置”>“系统”>“存储”中的工具删除旧的Windows安装后，结果在功能上与旧的干净安装相同。

• For a thorough discussion of how the so-called push-button reset option works, see Chapter 15, “Troubleshooting, backup, and recovery.”有关所谓的按钮重置选项如何工作的详细讨论，请参阅第15章“故障排除、备份和恢复”

That neat option isn’t possible if you’re starting with a brand-new hard disk, or you want to install a 64-bit Windows 10 edition on a device that’s currently running 32-bit Windows, or you want to clean up a messy OEM’s partition layout on the system disk, or … well, you get the idea.如果您是从一个全新的硬盘开始，或者您想在当前运行32位Windows的设备上安装64位Windows 10版本，或者您想清理系统磁盘上混乱的OEM分区布局，那么这个整洁的选项是不可能的，或者，您明白了。

For those scenarios, you need to boot into the Windows 10 Setup program from a USB flash drive (or a DVD drive, if your PC is equipped with one of those increasingly rare peripherals). 在这些情况下，您需要从USB闪存驱动器（或者DVD驱动器，如果您的电脑配备了越来越少见的外围设备之一）启动Windows 10安装程序。You might need to read the manual for your device to learn the magic combination of keystrokes and firmware settings that make it possible to start up using a bootable Windows 10 disc or drive.您可能需要阅读设备的手册，以了解按键和固件设置的神奇组合，使您可以使用可引导的Windows 10光盘或驱动器启动。

After the installation process begins, you can follow the instructions as outlined in this section.安装过程开始后，您可以按照本节中概述的说明进行操作。

When you boot from that media, you pass through a few introductory screens—choosing a language, accepting a license agreement—and eventually reach the Windows Setup dialog box shown in Figure 2-5. 当您从该介质启动时，您将通过几个介绍性屏幕来选择一种语言，接受许可协议，并最终进入如图2-5所示的Windows安装对话框。You’re asked to choose an installation type—Upgrade or Custom. 要求您选择安装类型升级或自定义。Be aware: “Which type of installation do you want?” is a trick question.请注意：“您想要哪种类型的安装？”这是个骗人的问题。

Choosing the Upgrade option leads to an error message. 选择升级选项将导致错误消息。You can upgrade Windows only if you start Setup from within Windows.只有从Windows中启动安装程序，才能升级Windows。

The Custom option allows you to continue, and you’re presented with a list of available disks and volumes. 自定义选项允许您继续，并显示可用磁盘和卷的列表。Figure 2-6 shows what you see on a system with a single drive that has not yet been partitioned and contains only unallocated space.图2-6显示了您在一个系统上看到的情况，该系统有一个尚未分区且仅包含未分配空间的驱动器。

Inside OUT

How Windows 10 divides a diskWindows 10如何分割磁盘

If you install Windows 10 on a UEFI-based system with a single unformatted disk, Setup creates a default disk layout. 如果在基于UEFI的系统上安装Windows 10，并且只有一个未格式化的磁盘，安装程序将创建默认的磁盘布局。Three of its partitions are visible in the Disk Management console, as shown here.它的三个分区在磁盘管理控制台中可见，如下所示。

The small (499-MB) recovery partition at the start of the disk in this example contains the Windows Recovery Environment, which allows the system to boot for repair and recovery operations. 在本例中，磁盘开始处的小恢复分区（499 MB）包含Windows恢复环境，该环境允许系统启动以进行修复和恢复操作。(This partition might be a different size and in a different location on your PC.)（此分区的大小和位置可能不同。）

The EFI system partition is even smaller—on this PC, a mere 99 MB. 电喷系统分区在这台电脑上甚至更小，只有99MB。It contains the files required for the system to start up, including the Windows Hardware Abstraction Layer and the boot loader (NTLDR).它包含系统启动所需的文件，包括Windows硬件抽象层和引导加载程序（NTLDR）。

The largest partition is the primary partition, formatted using NTFS, which contains Windows system files, the paging file, and all user profiles.最大的分区是主分区，使用NTFS格式化，其中包含Windows系统文件、分页文件和所有用户配置文件。

A fourth partition, required for every GPT disk, is hidden and not visible in Disk Management. 第四个分区是每个GPT磁盘所必需的，它是隐藏的，在磁盘管理中不可见。This partition, MSR (Reserved), resides between the EFI system partition and the primary partition and is used for post-installation tasks, such as converting a basic disk to a dynamic disk. 这个分区MSR（Reserved）位于EFI系统分区和主分区之间，用于安装后的任务，例如将基本磁盘转换为动态磁盘。It’s visible when you use DiskPart or the partitioning tools available with a custom installation.当您使用DiskPart或自定义安装提供的分区工具时，它是可见的。

PC makers have the option to add custom OEM partitions to this layout, with those volumes containing files that are part of a custom installation. PC制造商可以选择将自定义OEM分区添加到该布局中，这些卷包含作为自定义安装一部分的文件。In addition, some PCs include a second recovery partition at the end of the drive, which contains files you can use to restore the original system configuration.此外，有些电脑在驱动器的末端还包括第二个恢复分区，其中包含可用于恢复原始系统配置的文件。

You can use the tools beneath the list of available drives to manage partitions on a drive that currently contains a Windows installation and user data. 您可以使用可用驱动器列表下的工具来管理当前包含Windows安装和用户数据的驱动器上的分区。For example, if you want a truly fresh start, you can select each partition and click Delete until only unallocated space remains. 例如，如果您想要一个真正新的开始，您可以选择每个分区并单击Delete，直到只剩下未分配的空间。You can also use these tools to create one or more new partitions, format an existing partition, or extend a partition to include adjacent unallocated space.您还可以使用这些工具创建一个或多个新分区、格式化现有分区或扩展分区以包含相邻的未分配空间。

To make adjustments to existing disk partitions, boot from Windows 10 installation media (DVD or bootable USB flash drive) and run through Windows Setup until you reach the Where Do You Want To Install Windows page. 要对现有磁盘分区进行调整，请从Windows 10安装介质（DVD或可引导USB闪存驱动器）启动，然后运行Windows安装程序，直到到达“要在何处安装Windows”页面。Figure 2-7 shows a system that contains two physical drives. 图2-7显示了包含两个物理驱动器的系统。Drive 0 contains a standard partition layout, with Windows installed on Partition 4. 驱动器0包含标准分区布局，分区4上安装了Windows。(Partitions 1 and 2 for this drive have scrolled out of view.) （此驱动器的分区1和分区2已从视图中滚动出去。）Drive 1 is divided in half, with a primary data volume and an identical amount of unallocated space.驱动器1被一分为二，有一个主数据卷和相同数量的未分配空间。

You can accomplish any of the following tasks here:您可以在此处完成以下任何任务：

• Select an existing partition or unallocated space on which to install Windows 10.选择要安装Windows 10的现有分区或未分配空间。 Setup is simple if you already created and formatted an empty partition in preparation for setting up Windows, or if you plan to install Windows 10 on an existing partition that currently contains data or programs but no operating system, or if you want to use unallocated space on an existing disk without disturbing the existing partition scheme. 如果您已经创建并格式化了空分区以准备安装Windows，或者您计划在当前包含数据或程序但没有操作系统的现有分区上安装Windows 10，或者您希望在现有磁盘上使用未分配的空间而不干扰现有分区方案，则安装非常简单。Select the partition or unallocated space and click Next.选择分区或未分配的空间，然后单击Next。

• Delete an existing partition.删除现有分区。 Select a partition, and then click Delete. 选择一个分区，然后单击删除。This option is useful if you want to perform a clean installation on a drive that currently contains an earlier version of Windows. 如果要在当前包含早期版本Windows的驱动器上执行干净安装，则此选项非常有用。Because this operation deletes data irretrievably, you must respond to an “Are you sure?” confirmation request. 因为此操作无法恢复地删除数据，所以必须对“确定吗？”确认请求。After deleting the partition, you can select the unallocated space as the destination for your Windows 10 installation or create a new partition. 删除分区后，您可以选择未分配的空间作为Windows 10安装的目标或创建新分区。Be sure to back up any data files before choosing this option.在选择此选项之前，请确保备份所有数据文件。

• Create a new partition from unallocated space.从未分配的空间创建新分区。 Select a block of unallocated space on a new drive or on an existing drive after deleting partitions, and click New to set up a partition in that space.删除分区后，在新驱动器或现有驱动器上选择一块未分配的空间，然后单击“新建”在该空间中设置分区。

  By default, Windows Setup offers to use all unallocated space on the current disk. 默认情况下，Windows安装程序允许使用当前磁盘上所有未分配的空间。You can specify a smaller partition size if you want to subdivide the disk into multiple drives. 如果要将磁盘细分为多个驱动器，可以指定较小的分区大小。If you have a 4-TB drive, for example, you might choose to create a relatively small partition (we recommend at least 128 GB in this configuration) on which to install Windows and use the remaining space to create a second volume with its own drive letter on which to store data files such as music, pictures, documents, and videos.例如，如果您有一个4 TB的驱动器，您可能会选择创建一个相对较小的分区（在此配置中，我们建议至少128 GB），在该分区上安装Windows，并使用剩余空间创建第二个卷，该卷具有自己的驱动器号，用于存储音乐、图片、文档和视频等数据文件。

• Extend an existing partition by using unallocated space.使用未分配的空间扩展现有分区。 If you’re not happy with your existing partition scheme, you can use the Extend option to make a partition larger, provided that unallocated space is available immediately to the right of the existing partition in Disk Management, with no intervening partitions. 如果您对现有的分区方案不满意，可以使用Extend选项将分区变大，前提是在磁盘管理中现有分区的右侧可以立即获得未分配的空间，并且没有中间的分区。If the manufacturer of your PC initially divided a 128-GB hard disk into system and data volumes of equal size, you might decide to rejoin the two partitions when performing a clean install. 如果您电脑的制造商最初将128 GB硬盘划分为大小相等的系统卷和数据卷，则在执行干净安装时，您可能会决定重新连接这两个分区。After backing up your files from the data volume to an external drive or to cloud storage, delete the data partition, select the original system partition to the left of the newly freed space, and click Extend. 将文件从数据卷备份到外部驱动器或云存储后，删除数据分区，选择新释放空间左侧的原始系统分区，然后单击扩展。Choose the total size of the extended partition in the Size box (the default is to use all available unallocated space) and click Apply. 在“大小”框中选择扩展分区的总大小（默认值是使用所有可用的未分配空间），然后单击“应用”。You can now continue with Setup.现在可以继续安装。

  Caution注意安全

  In both the Disk Management console and the disk-management tools available via Windows Setup, it can be confusing to tell which partition is which. 在磁盘管理控制台和通过Windows安装程序提供的磁盘管理工具中，区分哪个分区是哪个分区可能会比较混乱。Confusion, in this case, can have drastic consequences if you inadvertently wipe out a drive full of data instead of writing over an unwanted installation of Windows. 在这种情况下，如果您无意中删除了一个充满数据的驱动器，而不是在不需要的Windows安装上写入数据，那么混乱可能会产生严重的后果。One good way to reduce the risk of this sort of accident is to label drives well.降低此类事故风险的一个好方法是给驾驶者贴上良好的标签。

Alert observers will no doubt notice that one option is missing from that list. 警觉的观察家们无疑会注意到，这个列表中缺少一个选项。Unfortunately, Setup does not allow you to shrink an existing disk partition to create unallocated space on which to install a fresh copy of Windows 10. 遗憾的是，安装程序不允许您收缩现有磁盘分区以创建未分配的空间来安装新的Windows 10副本。The option to shrink a volume is available from the Disk Management console after Windows 10 is installed, but if you want to accomplish this task before running Setup, you need to use third-party disk-management tools.安装Windows 10后，磁盘管理控制台提供了收缩卷的选项，但如果要在运行安装程序之前完成此任务，则需要使用第三方磁盘管理工具。

After you click Next, the installation process switches into a lengthy unattended phase in which it partitions and formats the disk (if necessary), copies the clean Windows 10 image to the system partition, installs device drivers, and starts default services. 单击“下一步”后，安装过程将切换到一个漫长的无人值守阶段，在此阶段中，它将分区并格式化磁盘（如果需要）、将干净的Windows 10映像复制到系统分区、安装设备驱动程序并启动默认服务。When those operations are complete, you arrive at a series of screens where you select the default region and keyboard layout.当这些操作完成后，您将进入一系列屏幕，在这些屏幕上选择默认区域和键盘布局。

If you do a clean install of Windows 10 Pro using bootable media, you’re faced with one additional choice immediately after Setup completes these initial installation tasks. 如果您使用可引导介质进行Windows 10Pro的干净安装，那么在安装程序完成这些初始安装任务之后，您将面临一个额外的选择。The dialog box shown in Figure 2-8 asks you to choose whether you want to set up the device for personal use or as part of an organization. 图2-8所示的对话框要求您选择是将设备设置为个人使用还是作为组织的一部分。For an installation of Windows 10 Enterprise or Education, the dialog box asks whether you want to join Azure AD or join a domain. 对于Windows 10 Enterprise或Education的安装，对话框询问您是要加入Azure AD还是加入域。(This portion of Setup has undergone numerous changes since the initial release of Windows 10, all in the interest of reducing confusion when setting up a work PC.)（自从Windows 10首次发布以来，这部分设置经历了许多变化，都是为了减少安装工作PC时的混乱。）

If you own the device, or if it is a company PC that will be joined to a Windows domain, choose Set Up For Personal Use and click Next to continue.如果您拥有该设备，或者它是将加入Windows域的公司PC，请选择“设置为个人使用”，然后单击“下一步”继续。

If the PC will be managed by your organization using something other than a Windows domain on a local network, choose the second option (Set Up For An Organization). 如果您的组织将使用本地网络上的Windows域以外的其他域来管理PC，请选择第二个选项（为组织设置）。Clicking Next leads you through a series of dialog boxes you use to set up a device for access to online services (from Microsoft and others). 单击“下一步”将引导您浏览一系列对话框，您可以使用这些对话框设置设备以访问联机服务（来自Microsoft和其他公司）。The credentials are managed in Azure Active Directory and can be linked to services such as a Microsoft 365 account at a workplace or university.凭据在Azure Active Directory中进行管理，并可以链接到工作场所或大学的Microsoft 365帐户等服务。

• For more information about setting up user accounts, during Windows installation or afterwards, see Chapter 11.有关在Windows安装期间或之后设置用户帐户的详细信息，请参阅第11章。

Performing an edition upgrade执行版本升级

To gain access to features that aren’t available in your edition of Windows, you need to upgrade to a different edition. 要访问Windows版本中不可用的功能，您需要升级到其他版本。This scenario is especially common when you purchase a retail PC configured with Windows 10 Home and want to take advantage of features in Windows 10 Pro, but the same technique allows you to upgrade from any edition to any higher edition, including Enterprise and Education editions.当您购买配置了Windows 10 Home的零售PC并希望利用Windows 10 Pro中的功能时，这种情况尤其常见，但同样的技术允许您从任何版本升级到任何更高版本，包括企业版和教育版。

The fastest upgrade path is to enter a product key for the new edition. 最快的升级路径是为新版本输入产品密钥。Open Settings > Update & Security > Activation and look at the two options under the Upgrade Your Edition Of Windows section, as shown here:打开“设置”>“更新和安全”>“激活”，然后查看“升级您的Windows版本”部分下的两个选项，如下所示：

Click Go To The Store and follow the prompts to purchase an upgrade. 单击Go To The Store并按照提示购买升级。Or, if you already have a valid product key and associated license for the upgrade, click Change Product Key and enter that 25-character key. 或者，如果您已经拥有用于升级的有效产品密钥和相关许可证，请单击“更改产品密钥”并输入25个字符的密钥。In either case, completing the upgrade requires a restart (or two) and typically requires only a few minutes.无论哪种情况，完成升级都需要重新启动（或两次），通常只需要几分钟。

Windows licensing optionsWindows授权选项

Every copy of Windows is licensed, not sold. Windows的每一个拷贝都是授权的，而不是出售的。Windows 10 supports multiple license types, some of which are new.Windows 10支持多种许可证类型，其中一些是新的。

• Full完全 A full license is sold directly to retail customers as an electronic distribution or a packaged product. 完全许可证作为电子分销或包装产品直接出售给零售客户。With a full license, Windows can be installed on a computer that was not sold with Windows originally, or it can be used as an upgrade. 有了完整的许可证，Windows可以安装在原来没有与Windows一起销售的计算机上，也可以用作升级。(Microsoft no longer sells upgrade-only licenses for Windows.) （Microsoft不再销售针对Windows的仅升级许可证。）You need a full license to install Windows in a virtual machine, on a Mac or other computer that does not come with Windows preinstalled, or in a dual-boot or multi-boot setup. 要在虚拟机、Mac或其他未预装Windows的计算机上，或在双引导或多引导设置中安装Windows，您需要完全许可证。A full license can be transferred to a different computer; the underlying copy of Windows on the original PC must be removed for the transferred license to be valid.完全许可证可以转移到另一台计算机；必须删除原始PC上Windows的基本副本，才能使转移的许可证有效。

• OEM An OEM (original equipment manufacturer) license is one that’s included with a new computer. OEM（原始设备制造商）许可证是新计算机附带的许可证。This license is locked to the computer on which it’s installed and cannot be transferred to a new computer. 此许可证已锁定到安装它的计算机上，不能传输到新计算机上。OEM System Builder packages are intended for use by small PC makers but are often used by consumers and hobbyists in place of a more expensive full license. OEM System Builder软件包适用于小型PC制造商，但通常由消费者和爱好者使用，以代替更昂贵的完整许可证。The system builder is required to provide support for OEM Windows along with the device on which it is installed.需要system builder为OEM窗口及其安装设备提供支持。

• Volume Volume licenses are sold in bulk to corporate, government, nonprofit, and educational customers and are typically deployed by using enterprise-management tools. 批量许可证批量销售给公司、政府、非营利组织和教育客户，通常使用企业管理工具进行部署。A volume license for Windows is available as an upgrade only.Windows的批量许可证仅作为升级提供。

• Cloud If you purchased an upgrade to Windows 10 Enterprise using a subscription option (E3 or E5), your license is associated with your Azure Active Directory account. You can activate that edition of Windows on up to five PCs by signing in with those credentials.如果您使用订阅选项（E3或E5）购买了到Windows 10 Enterprise的升级，则您的许可证与您的Azure Active Directory帐户相关联。通过使用这些凭据登录，最多可以在五台PC上激活该版本的Windows。

• Digital license数字许可证 PCs that have been upgraded from Windows 7 or Windows 8.1, during or after the free upgrade offer, receive a digital license that is associated with the upgraded hardware on Microsoft’s activation servers. 在免费升级期间或之后，从Windows 7或Windows 8.1升级的PC将获得与Microsoft激活服务器上的升级硬件相关联的数字许可证。The details of a digital license can be linked to a Microsoft account, as we describe later in this section.数字许可证的详细信息可以链接到Microsoft帐户，我们将在本节后面介绍。

Do you need a product key?您需要产品密钥吗？

The 25-character alphanumeric product key is certainly not dead, although you’re increasingly less likely to need such a key to work with Windows 10. 25个字符的字母数字产品密钥当然不是死的，尽管您越来越不可能需要这样的密钥来使用Windows 10。On most PCs built by large OEMs and sold through retail channels, Windows can retrieve the embedded license information from the computer’s firmware and activate automatically.在大多数由大型原始设备制造商制造并通过零售渠道销售的PC上，Windows可以从计算机固件中检索嵌入式许可证信息并自动激活。

Smaller OEMs (in Microsoft’s parlance, these are called System Builders) purchase individual copies of Windows that require a product key for activation. 较小的原始设备制造商（按微软的说法，他们被称为系统建设者）购买需要产品密钥才能激活的单个Windows副本。The System Builder is required under the terms of the OEM license to include that key as part of the Windows installation and to provide an official copy of that key to the purchaser of the PC.根据OEM许可证的条款，系统生成器需要将该密钥作为Windows安装的一部分，并向PC的购买者提供该密钥的正式副本。

If you’re building your own PC or installing Windows 10 in a new virtual machine, you still need a product key from a retail copy of Windows 10 or an OEM System Builder package. 如果您正在构建自己的PC或在新的虚拟机中安装Windows 10，您仍然需要Windows 10零售版或OEM System Builder软件包中的产品密钥。You also need a product key to upgrade a PC that does not already have a valid Windows 10 license.您还需要产品密钥来升级尚未具有有效Windows 10许可证的PC。

If you skip the opportunity to enter a product key during a clean install, or if the key you enter fails activation (perhaps because it has been used on another PC), you can go to Settings > Update & Security > Activation and click the Change Product Key button. 如果您在干净安装过程中错过了输入产品密钥的机会，或者您输入的密钥未能激活（可能是因为它已在另一台电脑上使用），则可以转到“设置”>“更新和安全性”>“激活”，然后单击“更改产品密钥”按钮。Enter a valid product key for the currently installed Windows edition using the dialog box shown in Figure 2-9.使用图2-9所示的对话框为当前安装的Windows版本输入有效的产品密钥。

Here are some important facts you should know about product keys:以下是有关产品密钥的一些重要事实：

• A custom product key is stored in firmware on any copy of Windows that is preinstalled on a new PC by a large computer maker.自定义产品密钥存储在大型计算机制造商预装在新PC上的任何Windows副本的固件中。 This configuration is called System Locked Preinstallation (SLP). 这种配置称为系统锁定预安装（SLP）。Using this configuration, you can reinstall the same edition of Windows and reactivate without having to enter a product key.使用此配置，您可以重新安装相同版本的Windows并重新激活，而无需输入产品密钥。

• Your product key matches your edition of Windows.您的产品密钥与您的Windows版本匹配。 When you enter a product key as part of a custom install of Windows, the key identifies the edition to be installed. 在自定义安装Windows时输入产品密钥，该密钥标识要安装的版本。If you purchase a boxed copy of Windows 10 from a retail outlet, the installation media (a DVD or a USB flash drive) contains a configuration file that automatically installs the edition that matches the product key included with that package.如果您从零售店购买了Windows 10的盒装副本，则安装介质（DVD或USB闪存驱动器）包含一个配置文件，该文件将自动安装与该软件包中包含的产品密钥匹配的版本。

• Some Windows 10 PCs don’t require a product key.有些Windows 10电脑不需要产品密钥。 If you upgraded a properly activated copy of Windows 7 or Windows 8.1, you don’t need to enter a product key. 如果升级了正确激活的Windows 7或Windows 8.1副本，则无需输入产品密钥。A record of the edition that device is licensed to use, Home or Pro, is stored with the device’s hardware ID on Microsoft’s activation servers. 设备被授权使用的版本（Home或Pro）的记录与设备的硬件ID一起存储在Microsoft的激活服务器上。That digital license can be associated with your Microsoft account for later use. 该数字许可证可以与您的Microsoft帐户关联以供以后使用。Digital licenses are also associated with upgrades and full licenses of Windows 10 purchased from the Microsoft Store.数字许可证还与从Microsoft应用商店购买的Windows 10的升级和完整许可证相关。

• Product keys are not tied to a specific architecture.产品密钥与特定的体系结构无关。 The product key matches a specific Windows 10 edition and will activate a 32-bit or 64-bit copy of that Windows 10 edition on your hardware (assuming the hardware is compatible with the architecture you choose, of course).产品密钥与特定的Windows 10版本匹配，并将在您的硬件上激活该Windows 10版本的32位或64位副本（当然，假设硬件与您选择的体系结构兼容）。

• You are not required to enter a product key when performing a clean install of Windows 10.在执行Windows 10的干净安装时，不需要输入产品密钥。 You’re prompted to enter a valid product key when you perform a clean installation of Windows 10, as shown in Figure 2-10. 在执行Windows 10的干净安装时，系统会提示您输入有效的产品密钥，如图2-10所示。If you are reinstalling Windows 10 on a PC that has previously been activated and has a digital license, click I Don’t Have A Product Key, just to the left of the Next button.如果要在以前已激活并拥有数字许可证的PC上重新安装Windows 10，请单击“我没有产品密钥”，只需单击“下一步”按钮左侧。

Clicking I Don’t Have A Product Key allows Setup to proceed but might require that you select a specific Windows edition to install. Be sure to choose the edition that matches your license.单击“我没有产品密钥”允许安装程序继续，但可能需要选择要安装的特定Windows版本。请务必选择与您的许可证匹配的版本。

Managing digital licenses管理数字许可证

In the first year after the initial release of Windows 10, Microsoft made upgrades from Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 free; as we noted earlier in this chapter, the free upgrade offer was extended until December 31, 2017, for any PCs that use assistive technology. 在Windows 10首次发布后的第一年，微软对Windows 7和Windows 8.1进行了免费升级；正如我们在本章前面提到的，对于任何使用辅助技术的PC，免费升级优惠延长至2017年12月31日。As part of these campaigns, Microsoft also added a new license type. 作为这些活动的一部分，微软还添加了一种新的许可证类型。On PCs upgraded using that free offer, the Windows activation server generated a Windows 10 license certificate (Microsoft initially called it a digital entitlement but later changed the nomenclature to digital license) for the corresponding edition (Home or Pro). 在使用该免费服务升级的PC上，Windows激活服务器生成了相应版本（Home或Pro）的Windows 10许可证证书（Microsoft最初称其为数字授权，但后来将术语更改为数字许可证）。That digital license is stored in conjunction with your unique installation ID on Microsoft’s activation servers. 该数字许可证与您的唯一安装ID一起存储在Microsoft的激活服务器上。(You can read more details about this and other license types at https://support.microsoft.com/help/12440/windows-10-activation.)（有关此许可证类型和其他许可证类型的详细信息，请访问https://support.microsoft.com/help/12440/windows-10-activation。)

The unique installation ID is essentially a fingerprint of your PC, based on a cryptographic hash derived from your hardware. 唯一的安装ID本质上是PC的指纹，基于从硬件派生的加密哈希。That hash, reportedly, is not reversible and not tied to any other Microsoft services. So, although it defines your device, it doesn’t identify you. But it does make it possible to store activation status for that device online.据报道，这种散列是不可逆的，也与微软的其他服务无关。所以，虽然它定义了你的设备，但它不能识别你。但它确实可以在线存储该设备的激活状态。

Once that online activation status is recorded, you can wipe your drive clean, boot from Windows 10 installation media, and install a clean copy (skipping right past the prompts for a product key); at the end of the process, you’ll have a properly activated copy of Windows 10.一旦记录了联机激活状态，您就可以将驱动器擦除干净，从Windows 10安装介质启动，并安装一个干净的副本（跳过输入产品密钥的提示）；在该过程结束时，您将拥有一个正确激活的Windows 10副本。

At any time, you can check the activation status of your device by going to Settings > Update & Security > Activation, as shown in Figure 2-11.在任何时候，您都可以通过进入“设置”>“更新和安全性”>“激活”来检查设备的激活状态，如图2-11所示。

One detail worth noting in Figure 2-11 is the suggestion to add a Microsoft account. 图2-11中值得注意的一个细节是添加Microsoft帐户的建议。Doing so creates a record of the digital license that can be retrieved for troubleshooting purposes, as we discuss in the next section.这样做会创建一个数字许可证的记录，可以检索该记录以进行故障排除，我们将在下一节中讨论。

Troubleshooting activation problems激活问题疑难解答

When you install Windows 10 on a new PC, it attempts to contact Microsoft’s licensing servers and activate automatically within three days. 当你在新电脑上安装Windows 10时，它会尝试联系微软的授权服务器，并在三天内自动激活。Under most circumstances, activation over the internet takes no more than a few seconds. 在大多数情况下，通过互联网激活只需几秒钟。If the process fails, you see several indications that there’s a problem. The first is a link at the bottom of every page in Settings: Windows Isn’t Activated. 如果这个过程失败了，你会看到一些迹象表明有问题。第一个是“设置”中每页底部的链接：Windows未激活。Activate Windows Now. 立即激活Windows。If you open any option from the Personalization category in Settings, every option is grayed out and unavailable, with a message in red at the top: “You need to activate Windows before you can personalize your PC.” 如果在“设置”中打开“个性化”类别中的任何选项，则每个选项都将灰显且不可用，顶部会显示一条红色消息：“您需要激活Windows才能对电脑进行个性化设置。”Below that is an Activate Windows Now link.下面是“立即激活Windows”链接。

The most obvious reminder of all appears, naturally, if you click Settings > Update & Security > Activation. 如果单击“设置”>“更新”>“安全”>“激活”，最明显的提示自然会出现。Figure 2-12 shows an example of this dire message.图2-12显示了这个可怕消息的一个例子。

If you’re confident you have a legitimate Windows 10 license, click Troubleshoot to try to fix the problem. 如果您确信自己拥有合法的Windows 10许可证，请单击“疑难解答”尝试解决该问题。The activation troubleshooter can resolve some simple problems and is especially well suited for activation errors that result from hardware changes or from situations where you inadvertently installed the wrong Windows edition (Home instead of Pro, for example). 激活疑难解答可以解决一些简单的问题，特别适用于由于硬件更改或您无意中安装了错误的Windows版本（例如Home而不是Pro）而导致的激活错误。In fact, if the troubleshooter is unable to resolve your issue, it offers an I Changed Hardware On This Device Recently option, as shown here:事实上，如果疑难解答无法解决您的问题，它会提供“最近在此设备上更改了硬件”选项，如下所示：

Why are hardware changes an issue?为什么硬件更改是一个问题？

You’re allowed to reinstall and reactivate Windows 10 on the same hardware an unlimited number of times. 您可以在同一硬件上无限次地重新安装和重新激活Windows 10。During the activation process, Windows transmits a hashed file that serves as a “fingerprint” of key components in your system. 在激活过程中，Windows传输一个散列文件，作为系统中关键组件的“指纹”。When you reinstall the same edition of Windows 10 you activated previously, the activation server receives the current hardware fingerprint and compares that value against the one stored in its database. 重新安装以前激活的同一版本的Windows 10时，激活服务器将接收当前的硬件指纹，并将该值与其数据库中存储的值进行比较。Because you’re reinstalling Windows 10 on hardware that is essentially the same, the fingerprints will match, and activation will be automatic.因为你在基本相同的硬件上重新安装Windows 10，指纹会匹配，激活会自动进行。

Just as with earlier Windows versions, this activation process is designed to prevent attempts to tamper with the activation files or to “clone” an activated copy of Windows and install it on another computer. 与早期的Windows版本一样，此激活过程旨在防止篡改激活文件或“克隆”Windows的激活副本并将其安装到另一台计算机上。What happens if you upgrade the hardware in your computer? 如果升级计算机中的硬件会发生什么？When you activate your copy of Windows 10, a copy of the hardware fingerprint is stored on your hard disk and checked each time you start your computer. 激活Windows 10副本时，硬件指纹的副本将存储在硬盘上，并在每次启动计算机时进行检查。If you make substantial changes to your system hardware, you might be required to reactivate your copy of Windows.如果对系统硬件进行了重大更改，则可能需要重新激活Windows副本。

You can upgrade almost all components in a system without requiring a new license. 您可以升级系统中几乎所有的组件，而不需要新的许可证。Replacing the motherboard on a PC is the most certain way to trigger the activation mechanism, because the activation server assumes you tried to install your copy of Windows on a second computer. 更换PC上的主板是触发激活机制的最确定的方法，因为激活服务器假定您试图在第二台计算机上安装Windows的副本。If you replaced a defective or failed motherboard with one that is the same model or the manufacturer’s equivalent, you do not need to acquire a new operating system license, and you should be able to reactivate your copy of Windows.如果用同一型号或同等制造商的主板替换了有缺陷或出现故障的主板，则不需要获得新的操作系统许可证，并且应该能够重新激活Windows的副本。

To help with this scenario, the activation troubleshooter relies on a feature that was introduced with the Anniversary Update, version 1607: the capability to save a digital license for Windows 10 and link it to your Microsoft account. 为了帮助解决这个问题，激活疑难解答依赖于周年更新版本1607中引入的一个功能：保存Windows 10的数字许可证并将其链接到您的Microsoft帐户的功能。This step isn’t mandatory, but it’s handy if you make major changes to a system with a digital license and need to reactivate.这一步不是强制性的，但是如果您对具有数字许可证的系统进行了重大更改并且需要重新激活，这一步非常方便。

If the PC in question has a valid digital license that has been previously associated with a Microsoft account, you can run the activation troubleshooter to make the match that Microsoft’s activation servers can’t. 如果有问题的电脑有一个有效的数字许可证，并且该许可证以前与Microsoft帐户相关联，则可以运行激活疑难解答程序来进行Microsoft激活服务器无法进行的匹配。Click the Troubleshoot link at the bottom of that Settings page to launch a tool that tries to find the activation record for the PC you’re using. 单击“设置”页底部的“疑难解答”链接，启动一个工具，尝试查找您正在使用的电脑的激活记录。If you’re not signed in with a Microsoft account, you need to do so, using the account you used previously to activate this PC.如果您没有使用Microsoft帐户登录，则需要使用以前用于激活此电脑的帐户进行登录。

Figure 2-13 shows the activation troubleshooter in action. 图2-13显示了激活疑难解答的作用。After signing in with the Microsoft account to which the previous device activation was linked, you’ll see a list of linked devices. 使用上次设备激活链接到的Microsoft帐户登录后，您将看到链接设备的列表。Select the name associated with the device you’re having troubles with and then click Activate.选择与您遇到问题的设备相关联的名称，然后单击激活。

If all else fails, your only remaining option is to contact the telephone-based activation support center, explain the circumstances, and—assuming that the support representative accepts your claim—manually enter a new activation code. 如果所有这些都失败了，您唯一剩下的选择就是联系电话激活支持中心，解释情况，并假设支持代表接受您的请求，然后输入新的激活码。(If you upgrade your PC with a new motherboard, that is considered a new PC and might require a new license.)（如果使用新主板升级电脑，则视为新电脑，可能需要新的许可证。）

The license agreement for a retail copy of Windows 10 allows you to transfer it to another computer, provided that you completely remove it from the computer on which it was previously installed. Windows 10零售版的许可协议允许您将其传输到另一台计算机，前提是您将其从以前安装的计算机上完全删除。An OEM copy, by contrast, is tied to the computer on which it was originally installed. 相比之下，原始设备制造商的拷贝与最初安装它的计算机绑定。You can reinstall an OEM copy of Windows an unlimited number of times on the same computer. 您可以在同一台计算机上无限次地重新安装Windows的OEM副本。However, you are prohibited by the license agreement from transferring that copy of Windows to another computer after it has been assigned to a device.但是，许可协议禁止您在将Windows副本分配给设备后将其传输到另一台计算机。

Product activation and corporate licensing产品激活和公司许可

Businesses and educational institutions that purchase licenses through a Microsoft Volume Licensing (VL) program receive access to VL media and product keys that require activation under a different set of rules from those that apply to retail or OEM copies. 通过Microsoft批量许可（VL）计划购买许可证的企业和教育机构可以访问VL介质和产品密钥，这些介质和产品密钥需要根据不同于适用于零售或OEM拷贝的规则进行激活。Under the terms of a volume license agreement, each computer with a copy of Windows 10 must have a valid license and must be activated.根据批量许可协议的条款，每台拥有Windows 10副本的计算机必须拥有有效的许可证，并且必须被激活。

Beginning with the Anniversary Update to Windows 10, Microsoft also made it possible to upgrade to Windows 10 Enterprise from Windows 10 Pro by purchasing a Windows 10 Enterprise E3 or E5 subscription from a Microsoft partner who is part of the Cloud Service Provider program. 从Windows 10的周年更新开始，微软还可以从云服务提供商计划的微软合作伙伴处购买Windows 10Enterprise3或E5订阅，从而从Windows 10Pro升级到Windows 10Enterprise。Beginning with version 1903, this option extends to Windows 10 Education, the equivalent of Enterprise edition for educational institutions. 从1903版开始，此选项扩展到Windows 10 Education，相当于教育机构的企业版。For more details about subscription activation, visit the following page:有关订阅激活的详细信息，请访问以下页面：

https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/deployment/windows-10-enterprise-subscription-activation

Enterprise and Education editions of Windows 10 can be installed using Multiple Activation Keys, which allow activations on a specific number of devices within an organization, or they can use Key Management servers to activate computers within an organization. 可以使用多个激活密钥安装Windows 10的企业版和教育版，这些密钥允许在组织内的特定数量的设备上激活，也可以使用密钥管理服务器激活组织内的计算机。If you encounter activation issues with Windows 10 Pro or Enterprise in a VL deployment, contact the person in your organization who manages your VL agreement—the “Benefits Administrator,” as this person is called.如果在VL部署中遇到Windows 10 Pro或Enterprise的激活问题，请与组织中负责管理VL协议的人员联系，即所谓的“福利管理员”。

Managing Windows activation from the command prompt从命令提示符管理Windows激活

Windows 10 includes a command-line tool you can use to examine the licensing status of a PC, change its product key, and perform other activation-related tasks. Windows 10包含一个命令行工具，您可以使用它来检查PC的授权状态、更改其产品密钥以及执行其他与激活相关的任务。Although this feature is primarily intended for automating license administration activities, you can also run the Windows Software Licensing Management Tool interactively. 尽管此功能主要用于自动化许可证管理活动，但您也可以交互式地运行Windows软件许可证管理工具。Open a Command Prompt or Windows PowerShell window with administrative privileges, and then run the command slmgr.vbs. 打开具有管理权限的命令提示符或Windows PowerShell窗口，然后运行该命令slmgr.vbs文件。If it’s run without parameters, this command shows its full syntax in a series of dialog boxes.如果在没有参数的情况下运行，此命令将在一系列对话框中显示其完整语法。

One common use of this tool is to display the current licensing status for a device, using the syntax slmgr.vbs /dli. 此工具的一个常见用法是使用语法slmgr.vbs /dli显示设备的当前许可状态。Figure 2-14, for example, shows the status of a device running Windows 10 Enterprise that has been properly activated with a Multiple Activation Key.例如，图2-14显示了运行Windows 10 Enterprise的设备的状态，该设备已使用多个激活密钥正确激活。

For a much more detailed display of information, use the same command with a switch that produces verbose output: slmgr.vbs /dlv. 要获得更详细的信息显示，请对生成详细输出的开关使用相同的命令：slmgr.vbs /dlv。Use slmgr.vbs /ipk <product_key> to enter the 25-character product key you provide following that switch. 使用slmgr.vbs /ipk <product_key>输入您在该开关后提供的25个字符的产品密钥。The /upk switch uninstalls the current product key, and the /cpky switch removes the product key from the registry to deter attempts to steal and reuse a key. /upk开关卸载当前产品密钥，/cpky开关从注册表中删除产品密钥，以阻止窃取和重用密钥的尝试。To see all available switches, enter the slmgr.vbs command by itself.要查看所有可用的开关，请输入slmgr.vbs命令本身。